Autism - A Review

<p>Autism is derived from Greek word 'autos', meaning 'self' given to a behavioral phenotype. Autism is a complex neuro-developmental disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication and grouped under Pervasive Developmental Disorder.</p> <p>The prevalence of autism is rising globally. Presently, the generally accepted prevalence value is one in 1000 children. The etiology is unclear but genetics seem to have an important role.</p> <p>The autistic children exhibit behavioral symptoms such as temper tantrums, hyperactivity, short attention span, impulsivity, agitation, anger, and a tendency for aggressive and self-injurious behaviors. Disorders of language and social communication, poor response to external stimulation, tendency to isolate themselves, and poor eye-to-eye contact are well-recognized symptoms. There are no specific genetic, medical or laboratory tests available to confirm the diagnosis, nor are there any prenatal screening tests available to assist prospective parents.</p> <p>Management includes parental counseling, psychotherapy for the parent and child, behavior modification techniques, specialized speech and education and medication to control behavioral symptoms. Early diagnosis followed by aggressive, appropriately targeted intervention before the age of 2 years significantly improves a child's long-term outcome, especially in behavior, communication and social skills. Hence, it is essential for pedodontists and pediatricians to have sound knowledge about the disorder and it's clinical manifestations so that early diagnosis and prompt treatment can be carried out to improve the prognosis.</p>