A Pilot Survey Study to Assess Severity Measure of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in Young Adults (18-26 Years)

Introduction

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a prevalent mental health condition characterized by persistent, excessive worry and distress. When young adults transition from school to college, they encounter numerous changes, including new environments, new social circles, and increased academic demands. These adjustments can be challenging, as they require adaptation and establishment of new relationships.

During this transitional period, adults may experience a range of mental and physical symptoms. Mentally, they might exhibit heightened irritability, difficulty in concentrating, mood swings, and increased aggression, which can be attributed to the stress of adapting to new surroundings and managing new relationships. Physically, individuals may experience symptoms such as frequent headaches, stomach aches, back pain, and changes in sexual development, reflecting the physiological impact of stress and anxiety.

Moreover, young adults often feel pressure to meet societal expectations, which can intensify self-consciousness and exacerbate feelings of anxiety. What might initially be mild anxiety with physical symptoms can escalate into overwhelming anxiety that becomes difficult to manage. In severe cases, untreated anxiety can lead to chronic illness or even tragic events such as suicide.

Recognizing the challenges young adults face during this transitional phase is crucial for providing timely support and intervention. By promoting mental health awareness, offering resources for stress management, and fostering a supportive environment, we can help mitigate the impact of GAD and other mental health issues on young adults, enabling them to navigate this period of growth and change more effectively. In 2017, there were 197.3 million people with mental disorders in India, comprising 14.3% of the total population of the country.¹ The true prevalence of anxiety disorder is unknown as many people do not seek help of clinician to make the diagnosis. According to Indian Psychiatry Society, prevalence of GAD ranges between 3 and 6%.² National Mental Health Survey of India shows prevalence of GAD to be 0.6%. Women are more likely affected with anxiety disorders than men.³ The present short survey was conducted among young adults aged between 18-25 years to observe for generalized anxiety disorder among them. The objectives of this study is to assess the severity of Generalized Anxiety Disorder using GAD7 scale and to analyze different presentations of GAD and the factors that predispose to GAD.

Materials and Methods

Study design: Prospective survey study

Type of research: Observational research

Sampling technique: Purposive sampling

Inclusion criteria

• Young adults in the age group of 18-26 years.

• Young adults interested to take part in the survey.

Exclusion criteria

• Subjects undergoing treatment for generalized anxiety disorder.

Duration of study

From 5th February 2023 to 17th August 2023.

Results

This observational study aimed to assess anxiety levels and identify various presentations of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) among young adults. A total of 120 responses received, predominantly from individuals aged 21-23 years, were analyzed. The male-to-female ratio was 33.3% and 66.7%, respectively. Data were collected using the GAD-7 scale.

Among the participants, the distribution of anxiety levels was as follows: 48 individuals (40%) reported minimal anxiety, 36 (30%) reported mild anxiety, 27 (22.5%) reported moderate anxiety, and 9 (7.5%) reported severe anxiety. These findings highlight the diverse range of anxiety severity experienced by young adults in the study.

Notably, a significant percentage of adults reported daily experiences of nervousness, anxiety, difficulty controlling worry, restlessness to the point of being unable to sit still (7-10%), and excessive worry about various matters, trouble relaxing, irritability, and constant fear of impending harm (13-20%).

These results underscore the complexity of anxiety experiences among young adults and emphasize the importance of tailored interventions and support strategies. Understanding these patterns can inform targeted approaches to promote mental well-being and resilience in this age group as they navigate the challenges of early adulthood.

Discussion

The survey was conducted to determine the severity of generalized anxiety disorder and to know various presentations of generalized anxiety disorder among young adults using GAD7 scale. About 120 adults from Homoeopathic Medical College participated in the survey. According to World Health Organization, depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among adults. Adults fail to address mental health conditions and it affects them both physically and mentally. One of the studies conducted in United States in 2019 reported that 3.4% and 2.7% of adults experienced moderate and severe symptoms of anxiety.5 In this present survey, out of 120 participants, 36 were categorized under moderate and severe anxiety.

The findings of this study underscores the need for action in the educational institutions to integrate mental health services and support systems within their frameworks. By fostering an environment that prioritizes mental well-being, we can mitigate the impact of anxiety disorders and promote a healthier, more productive society. This study highlights the critical importance of addressing mental health issues promptly and effectively, ensuring that young adults receive the care and support they need to thrive both academically and personally.

Scope

• This was a pilot study conducted to help find the gap in research for further studies about generalized anxiety disorder among young adults. 
• This survey will help other researchers as a base for continuing the research to determine the cause of generalized anxiety disorder among young adults.

Limitations

• This was a short survey study conducted to understand the level and effect of anxiety, but it did not attempt to understand the cause of anxiety.

Conclusion

The survey findings indicate that young adults experience varying levels of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), often neglecting these symptoms as common issues of their age group. This dismissive approach can have significant consequences, affecting both physical health and social well-being. Anxiety can lead to physical symptoms like headaches and fatigue, disrupt social interactions, and impair cognitive functions, impacting academic and professional performance.

Addressing these issues early is crucial to prevent longterm effects. Timely intervention and mental health support can help young adults manage their anxiety effectively, promoting better overall health and resilience. By prioritizing mental health care, we can empower young adults to lead healthier lives, contribute positively to society, and fulfil their potential.

Conflict of interest

None